Definition
Makaton is a language programme using a set of signs and symbols alongside spoken language to support children and adults with communication, language, or learning difficulties. It was developed by Margaret Walker in 1972 and is the most widely-used UK sign-supported communication system in early years, primary special schools, and Down's Syndrome education.
In context for parents
Key checkpoints
- Makaton is a language programme using signs and symbols alongside spoken language, developed by Margaret Walker in 1972.
- Most widely-used UK sign-supported communication system in early years, primary special schools, and Down's Syndrome education.
- Uses around 450 core signs and symbols (Level 1) plus broader resource vocabulary (Levels 2–4).
- Signs are based on BSL but Makaton uses speech alongside signing in standard English word order.
- Section F should specify Makaton level, named staff training (Foundation Workshop minimum), and SaLT supervisory review.
Makaton is not a separate language. It is a vocabulary of around 450 core signs and symbols (Level 1, "Core Vocabulary") plus a broader resource vocabulary (Levels 2–4, "Specialist Vocabulary"). The signs are based on BSL (the most common UK sign language) but Makaton uses speech alongside signing in standard English word order, while BSL uses its own grammar.
In a Reception class with a child with Down's Syndrome, Makaton is often the workhorse communication system. The whole class learns the core Reception vocabulary (toilet, finished, snack, story, more, please, thank you, friends, names of class members). The child with Down's Syndrome uses signs with their developing speech; the typically-developing peers use signs to communicate inclusively. Makaton's evidence base in Down's Syndrome (DownsEd / Down Syndrome International) is strong.
Makaton training in the UK is delivered by Licensed Tutors. Foundation Workshop and Enhancing Workshops are the standard entry points for school staff; advanced training feeds into Specialist Vocabulary use. Schools serious about Makaton typically have at least one Licensed Tutor on staff.
Where Makaton works best. Pre-school and early primary children with Down's Syndrome, learning disability, or significant SLCN, where signing supports the spoken word and offers a parallel route to expressive communication. Where Makaton works less well. With autistic children whose communication challenge is pragmatic rather than expressive vocabulary; a structured AAC system (PECS or high-tech) may be a better fit.
In an EHCP, Section F should specify Makaton use with named training (Foundation Workshop minimum for delivering staff), daily frequency, supervisory SaLT review, and the level of vocabulary in use. Specifying "Makaton" without specifying level or training is not enforceable.
Related terms
The terms parents most often see alongside Makaton.
Picture Exchange Communication System(PECS)
A structured augmentative communication system that teaches children to exchange picture cards to request, comment, and answer questions.
British Sign Language(BSL)
The visual-gestural language used by the British Deaf community. BSL is a fully formed language with its own grammar, recognised in UK law since the BSL Act 2022.
Speech, Language and Communication Needs(SLCN)
An umbrella term for difficulties with understanding language, using language, speaking clearly, or interacting socially. SLCN is one of the four broad SEND areas in the Code of Practice.
Speech and Language Therapist(SLT)
An HCPC-registered specialist who assesses and treats children with speech, language, communication, and swallowing needs. SLTs contribute to EHCPs and deliver targeted therapy.
Where parents ask about this
Parents usually find this page during Reception transition for a child with Down's Syndrome, when a primary school is not signing despite an EHCP recommendation, or when wanting Makaton properly specified in Section F. Searches include "Makaton training school", "Makaton versus BSL", and "Makaton Section F EHCP Down Syndrome". A Beaakon SaLT can carry out a communication assessment, recommend Makaton at the right level, train school staff, and write Section F-grade wording.
References
The primary legislation, statutory guidance, research, and clinical tools this page draws on.